Psyche is a digital magazine from Aeon which examines the human condition, with articles that explore mental health, emotions, and new ideas.

Psyche

Why drugs alone won't work.

Clinicians and researchers are exploring the potential for psychedelics to treat mental health conditions, with some studies indicating that they are an effective tool in a therapeutic setting. Mackenzie Amara, a Jungian analyst-in-training, reflects on why a psychedelic experience alone will not be enough for patients to embrace the newfound depth of this approach to therapy fully.

Emma Powell

To learn from a psychedelic trip, explore the dreams that follow

Why your thoughts on dopamine are probably wrong.

The context in which the neurotransmitters is referenced in modern culture means that many of us believe that it has only a very specific function in producing happiness and pleasure. But it’s not that straightforward. Author and neuroscientist Dean Burnett argues that there is a superficial logic to this line of thinking, that can be explained by research into Parkinson’s disease.

Sean Crisden

The fascinating neuroscience of pleasure goes way beyond dopamine

The reason behind the expansion of the mind’s colour palette.

Until the mid-19th century, the presence of the colour violet in art was an incredibly rare occurrence. Why is this? Allen Tager, a Russian American artist and cognitive scientist, reflects on his quest to get to the bottom of this phenomenon.

Why it took us thousands of years to see the colour violet

What explains the resilience of institutionalisation in the region?

As large psychiatric hospitals in the West are few and far between, the Arab world hosts some of the largest ones in the world. Why is this? Reflecting on the thoughts of the influential Martinique psychiatrist Frantz Fanon, Joelle M. Abi-Rachedis, an associate researcher at the Paris Institute of Political Studies, explores the potential reasons. 

Does the power of authoritarian compliant medical doctors and psychiatrists, alongside endless regional conflicts and tensions, mean that the region's people are doomed?

Lara Sawalha

Fanon and the crisis of mental health in the Arab world

There is more to it than simply understanding.

Would downloading information onto your brain be a shortcut or a hindrance? Inspired by a concept from The Matrix, John Tillson, a lecturer in the philosophy of education, reflects on the possible outcomes of knowledge insertion.

This story was in an episode of Wake Up with Curio.

Imagine you could insert knowledge into your mind: should you?

Conforming comes at a price.

Speaking your mind is important for your own sake and essential for developing your own thinking. It’s also a core aspect of being intellectually courageous and independent. Hrishikesh Joshi, assistant professor of philosophy, reflects on why such independence is crucial for a flourishing life.

Dare to speak your mind and together we flourish

It’s time to rethink this beneficial social skill.

People will never stop making demands on our time and energy, so developing the tools to protect yourself is key. Rebecca Roache, a senior lecturer in philosophy, reveals the mindsets that can help us become successfully assertive.

This story was in an episode of Wake Up with Curio.

Sharon McCune

Assertiveness is a virtue that anyone can develop with practice

Why it's important to highlight its problems before it’s too late.

The rise of machine learning comes with risks that should concern even distant observers of technology. We are a long way from truly intelligent computers, but as philosopher John Zerilli warns, we cannot hide from the important choices this tech forces us to make right now. Here, he argues for a push to think more deeply about what reliable automated decision making means.

Jonathan Booth

Should we be concerned that the decisions of AIs are inscrutable?

How can we rethink our approach towards focus?

Attention is generally seen as an unproblematic guide to knowledge, but many theories prove that it can also actively mislead us. Philosopher Henry Taylor reflects on how revising our views on these areas could profoundly improve our thought processes.

Sharon Bott

Sometimes, paying attention means we see the world less clearly

Maybe we all need a change of character.

A growing field of ‘volitional personality change’ casts doubt on the alleged difference between character and personality traits. Researchers found that when people’s personalities do change, is mostly influenced by whether they actively want to change. Philosopher T. Ryan Byerly reflects on why this means that it may be a moral duty to do so if you want to change your personality.

Michael Bott

Is improving your personality a moral duty or a category confusion?

"I can’t stop reliving the night I thought I was going to die."

Sasha Kassam, an education professional, recalls in this impactful piece the night she was kidnapped by the Taliban. Reflecting on her ordeal, she meditates on the feelings you are left within the aftermath of such an intense battle for survival.

I’m haunted by my night of vodka and reefers with the Taliban

The argument for self-awareness.

Many philosophers are sceptical of a reality where we have access to and direct self-knowledge of our own thoughts in such a way that others do not. Jared Peterson, an assistant professor of philosophy, argues that something of profound cognitive value would be lacking from society if we did not have 'privileged access'.

Emily Woo Zeller

Self-knowledge is a powerful thing — if it’s not an illusion

The overlooked problem with AI-driven tools.

 Recent data-driven prediction controversies illustrate that the shift from human to machine decision-making can be problematic. These issues also raise concerns about social and gender disparities in machine learning tools and question whether AI could be actively hostile towards race or gender identity. Aziz Huq, a law professor, reveals the potentially disastrous consequences of badly designed machine-decision making, which is looking more and more likely to exacerbate the problems it claims to reduce.

What should you do when a machine’s decision does you wrong?

The world before viagra.

Until modern vaccines, no other medical product was as widely traded throughout world history as aphrodisiacs. Alison M. Downham Moore — a professor in modern European history and humanities — examines the rich premodern art of sexually stimulant pharmacy and reveals how modern medicine came to comprehensively reject it.

A long history of aphrodisiacs, from health tonic to sexual aid

Just how many people lament having kids?

It's a common human experience, yet in an era of baby worship, the idea that some parents could regret having children is undeniably taboo. So Jenna Abetz and Julia Moore, who are researchers interested in identity and parenthood, wanted to understand better how a parent may experience this emotion. To their surprise, they received a wealth of answers on a popular, anonymous social media site that indicated a range of complexities surrounding parental decisions.

Marni Penning

It should be OK for parents to express regret about having children

How to understand those who struggle to be a person.

Avoidant personality disorder concerns more than just social isolation. Here, clinical psychologists Kristine Dahl Sørensen and Marit Råbu reflect on their research project, which aimed to better understand the common psychiatric disorder by talking directly to those who suffer from it.

Some people feel so utterly alone, it’s as if they don’t exist

Future eureka moments won't need a breakthrough.

States of high consciousness are generally linked to religious practices of prayer and meditation. But research has shown that creative epiphanies and the following states of happiness are similar to these spiritual experiences, with geniuses such as Einstein reporting similar states during his famous discovery. However, Tal Dotan Ben-Soussanis — the director of the Research Institute for Neuroscience, Education and Didactics — reveals that it is now possible to experience these states of elation in the most mundane moments of our lives.

Spirituality is a brain state we can all reach, religious or not

There is profound power in taking a new approach.

The ancient wisdom that existence is cyclical can bring us support for many challenges in life, and also has a close translation in modern research into dementia. Han Yu — a professor that teaches scientific and technical communication — examines how the deterioration of a patient with Alzheimer’s follows, in reverse order, a child’s normal development. In this eye-opening reflection, she looks into the significance of adapting to this mindset when confronting the emotionally challenging illness.

The radical impact of seeing Alzheimer’s as a second childhood

There's a hidden beauty in not being able to visualise.

Many levels of ability exist when it comes to the mind’s eye; whilst some people can envision childhood stomping grounds, others don’t see anything at all. Neurology professor   Adam Zeman examines the phenomenon of 'aphantasia': not being able to use your mind's eye can hold many advantages, and even though it does have drawbacks, it is linked to high achievement allowing those it affects to see the world in a profound way that many of us can’t.

When the mind is dark, making art is a thrilling way to see

Why being yourself is paradoxical.

Research shows that being authentic is not a modern-day concern, so why is it still a commonly used buzzword? Joseph E. Davis — a research professor of sociology — examines how the past forty years have transformed our uniqueness into something more superficial.

This story was in an episode of Wake up with Curio.

Malk Williams

When your authenticity is an act, something’s gone wrong

Re-considering our approach to history.

Could the death of a French middle-school teacher be avoided, had he had training for responding to potential triggers when exposing students to traumatic historical sources? Nena Močnikis — a social justice educator and trauma researcher — examines how history teachers are unprepared to explain the traumas of a multicultural classroom of students. In this deeply reflective piece, she argues for clearer guidelines when pathologizing the narratives of complex pasts.

History teachers work on the frontlines of trauma and memory

The truth about lies.

Truth guides our life, and many of us think that lies do not matter. Professor of philosophy Mary Margaret McCabe examines how, in the early ages of Western philosophy, falsehoods were a dominant concern for influential thinkers, arguing that this line of thinking needs to be brought into our modern quest for honesty.

To find the truth, we must establish the meaning of falsehood

"The past infuses the present and imprisons the future."

In response to the current moment, people are educating themselves about how racism affects Black life. But, as Desirée H Melton explains, the ways in which racism corrupts an internal sense of time is ignored. In this deeply personal piece, the professor of philosophy reflects on the boundless time black people have lost to past, present and future experiences of racism and how this has a proven physical effect on their experiences of every day living.

Robin Miles

Racism has broadened 'Black time' to an always and everywhere

They have been around for longer than we might think.

Emma Claussen examines how, before establishing the politician as a problematic, self-interested liar, many ancient philosophers describe the roles of the ‘statesman’ or ‘political man’ in rather more positive terms.

The politician as the malformed monster of our coexistence

Did you know that an ambivalent mindset can improve your thought process?
 
Psychology professor Iris Schneider looks into the ways in which our feelings of doubt are misunderstood and analyses how a constant state of uncertainty can foster creativity and innovation, leading us to be more honest with ourselves.

The fence is uncomfortable, but it affords the best view

Understanding why it is important to mind our metaphors.

"The dominant technology mind-metaphor of our age is the mind-as-computer. We’re warned of cognitive overload and advised to switch off more often to recharge our batteries. But we’re not machines. We’re biopsychosocial organisms, embedded, embodied and encultured, developing in constant feedback with our surroundings. If we become too entangled in computer mind-metaphors, our imagination will suffer. We’ll trust that we can be repaired by external techno-magical interventions, rather than accepting that all inner work takes patience, effort and time." Professor Anna Katharina Schaffner explains.

You’re not a computer, you’re a tiny stone in a beautiful mosaic

Science suggests it might not be exclusively in the DNA.

The proud sentiment of the gay gene has thrived in pop culture in recent years. But Joanna Wuest — a lecturer in LGBT studies at Princeton University — contemplates how new research into the matter indicates a shift from proclamations on the biological origins of sexual orientation to a more complex story.

The new genomics of sexuality moves us beyond ‘born this way’

We are good at faking them but also equally as good at knowing when they are truly genuine.

The physical motion of a smile is a straightforward, easy to fake, practice. And yet, it carries a heavy load of social cues and meanings. They tend to incite trust and cooperation, but sometimes they are also used for mischief and personal gain. However, as social psychologist Alexander Danvers explores, while they're physically easy to re-create, doing it convincingly is a far more complex endeavour than initially thought.

Michael Satow

If smiles are so easy to fake, why do we trust them?

Feeling in awe of nature is key to our vitality.

T. Ryan Byerly examines the evolutionary origins of the emotion and reflects on how its literal and figurative power can boost both our feeling of connectedness to others and our sense of spiritual fulfilment.

Why natural beauty nourishes our spiritual and social selves

Struggling to cope with the demanding aspects of modern life? Here is a technique that could help.

"To live well, our focus must shift from the external goods we imagine will bring us happiness and on to ourselves: the judgments we make, the way we behave, the things we pursue, and what we value. In broad terms, contemporary psychological research on wellbeing lends support to these ideas." Joel Owen contemplates.

Sprinkle a little ancient philosophy into your daily routines

'Rotwelsch' was the name it was given — a tongue created by outcasts, for outcasts.

Martin Puchner presents us with an interesting question. How much do we know about 'underground life' in Europe between the Middles Ages and the modern era? Here, he focuses on one particular aspect that may offer us some answers: the language used by travellers and outlaws at the time which, somewhat ironically, managed to survive through police documentation.

How a secret European language ‘made a rabbit’ and survived

We have all had to bite our tongues at work  — let's picture a world where we don't need to.

From mundane questions such as 'how are you?' to having to explain very complex company decisions, most of our workplace interactions have laid their foundations upon 'bending' the truth. Is this a vicious cycle? Lauren A. Taylor and David Berg contemplate that question and consider how a system that promotes truth-telling rather than punishing it can make for a far healthier working environment.

Karl Miller

Imagine a workplace where you could actually tell the truth

Why we should observe things on the level of cosmological time.

 David Chai reflects on how Daoism rejects the human-centric concept of time and argues instead for a natural temporality of the universe. Despite the mysticism of this theory, we can use it to educate ourselves on the fallacies of many of our convictions.

“The reason for this is that we’re inherently limited in what we can know (physically, mentally, spiritually). By retraining ourselves to reside in the in-betweenness of things, we can release ourselves from the notion that time is being-centric, and consider the alternative: time is the resting nothingness of the Dao. This non-being is not a nihilistic threat to being but its natural counterpart.” 

How Daoism shatters our illusions of time and being

Is there skill in complaining? And can we develop it enough to support our mental wellbeing?

In this piece for Psyche magazine, Kathryn J. Norlock — a professor of philosophy at Trent University in Peterborough, Ontario and author of " The Moral Psychology of Forgiveness" — explores the philosophical value of 'skilled affirmation', and why we should see it as a useful bonding exercise with other people.

Sarah Naughton

Rise up fellow complainers, let’s be vulnerable together

Contextualising the surprisingly therapeutic value of ancient Roman poetry in today's society.

"Friendship stands at the centre of Horace’s poetic world, from the lyric Epodes and Odes to the hexameter Satires, Epistles, and Ars Poetica. The first name he utters in his poetry is that of Maecenas, his patron, but more significantly, his friend. So close are the two in Horace’s pages that he pledges to follow Maecenas even into death: ‘we’re ready/to trek the final journey as companions’ (Odes 2.17). This is, incidentally, a promise Horace kept — an ancient biography records that he died just 59 days after Maecenas." Stephanie McCarter contemplates Horace's work in Psyche magazine.

Horace’s lyrics of friendship offer hope to our troubled world

A reflection on existentialism, and reshaping your identity after memory loss.

What does it feel like to lose your memories, and as consequence, your whole identity? Steven Hales, an author and professor and chair of philosophy at Bloomsburg University of Pennsylvania, suffered from transient global amnesia, a rare, one-time diagnosis that wipes out your memories for a given period of time. In this striking article for Psyche magazine, he describes the experience, and what learnings he took from it, particularly when it comes to his own sense of self.

Sudden amnesia showed me the self is a convenient fiction

An enlightening analysis of our fortune, and misfortune, based on the teachings of complexity science.

Can good people really be blamed when things don't go their way? In this article for Psyche magazine, David Kinney — a primary investigator on the Foundations and Applications of Cultural Analytics in the Humanities — turns to mathematical theories to argue against the belief that people are responsible for their own bad luck.

The mathematical case against blaming people for their misfortune

Should risk categorisation be considered an outdated practice?

In Psyche magazine, Gavin Tucker — a trainee psychiatrist at the Maudsley Training Programme in Londoreflects — reflects on an improved alternative in assessing suicide risk that ditches problematic categories and considers an individual’s circumstances instead.

What working in emergency care taught me about suicide risk

Exploring how we can harness our digital footprint in a more practical, and positive way.

"The idea that an individual’s mental health can be inferred from their smartphone and internet usage is still in its infancy. But while we wait for the research trials to be conducted, we should reflect on the bigger question of what this means for all of us. In an era of data surveillance and ‘digital capitalism’, where our personal data is mined and collected for commercial purposes, we must give due consideration to the ethical and privacy issues surrounding this technology." Simon D’Alfonso, a lecturer in digital health at the University of Melbourne, examines the concept for Psyche magazine.

Should smartphone data be harnessed to track mental health?

How the latest micro-trend of quarantine can help with anxiety.

The attachment theorist John Bowlby described mourning as a form of separation anxiety, akin to that felt by a child lost in a crowd. In this uplifting piece for Psyche magazine, writer Melanie McGrath reflects on Bowlby's words and explores how jigsaws can be a wonderful tool when it comes to easing your anxious feelings.

On the consolatory pleasure of jigsaws when the world is in bits

An economist's view on how we can collectively solve the world’s most pressing issues. 

"Here is a thought-experiment: if you were given full range to create from scratch an ideal version of the average citizen for these turbulent times, which powers will you endow her with? Obviously, I don’t mean superhuman powers, but which moral, intellectual and temperamental make-up do you think she’ll need to thrive in our current environment? In other words, what kind of average Jane do we need so that we don’t collapse under the weight of our most pressing societal problems?" In this piece for Psyche magazine, Francisco Mejia Uribe shares a few ideas on how to identify the necessary basic qualities that an average society needs to collectively solve the world’s most pressing issues.

To be a responsible citizen today, it is not enough to be reasonable

Knowing the neurobiological reasons for resilience could open a myriad of opportunities.

Laura Moreno-López, a Wolfe Health Neuroscience Fellow and Research Associate at the University of Cambridge, recently led research on people's responses to traumatic events. The results were able to "complement earlier brain-based research suggesting that resilient people have greater neural connectivity between parts of their prefrontal cortex and emotional brain regions; that they display lower hippocampal activation in response to emotional facial expressions; and that their amygdalae habituate more efficiently to stress." In this piece for Psyche magazine, she explains the very positive implications of their discovery.

What the distinctive brains of resilient people can teach us

Why aren’t we talking to ourselves all the time?

"Not only does speech retrieve pre-existing ideas, it also creates new information in the retrieval process, just as in the process of writing. Speaking out loud is inventive and creative — each uttered word and sentence doesn’t just bring forth an existing thought, but also triggers new mental and linguistic connections. In both cases — speech and writing – the materiality of language undergoes a transformation (to audible sounds or written signs) which in turn produces a mental shift." Nana Ariel explores in Psyche magazine.

Kathleen Gati

Talking out loud to yourself is a technology for thinking

Conflict and disappointment — analysing dating tales from 300 years ago.

Julie Hardwick, a history professor at the University of Texas at Austin, contemplates in Psyche magazine what 300-year-old experiences of heterosexual sex in stable, affectionate, consensual relationships can tell us about our own times.

Working, flirting and sex: courtship in 18th-century France

What does it mean to be thankful?

Michal Zechariah, a doctoral candidate at the University of Chicago, reflects in Psyche magazine on how positive psychology and the personal benefits of gratitude have transformed its significance.

Betsy Foldes Meiman

True gratitude is a communal emotion, not a wellness practice

How 'utilitarianism' could be the ideal public morality for our troubled age.

It is defined as "the idea that we should evaluate the moral worth of an action by its consequences, and that the best actions are those that bring about the most good for the most people." In Psyche magazine, professor of philosophy at Victoria University of Wellington in New Zealand, Nicholas Agar, penned this thoughtful essay on the subject and elaborates on his critique of the philosophical style that prioritises aggravation over moral substance.

On the moral obligation to stop shit-stirring

Freedom lies in the courage to remain conscious.

In this intriguing piece for Psyche magazine, philosophy lecturer Tereza Matějčková reflects on how an 'as-if’ philosophy of imagination, fiction and reality helped the Czech-German philosopher Emil Utitz survive the Holocaust.

How Emil Utitz salvaged his humanity in a non-human world

When in despair, we can still find and create meaning by embracing ‘tragic optimism’.

Anna Gotlib, an associate professor of philosophy at Brooklyn College in New York, reflects for Psyche magazine on how trauma can be a catalyst for different stories about who we are, what we value, and how we might live in the ‘after'.

Trauma unmakes the world of the self. Can stories repair it?

Winning the argument is missing the point.

If we make our arguments all about winning, and not about learning or finding the truth, then we might be just wasting a significant proportion of our time given on this life. In Psyche magazine, Malcolm Keating explores the 'vāda' type of debate embraced by the Nyāya philosophy — a Hindu tradition dating back to 9th to 10th century CE — which promotes truth-seeking as a way to "rid ourselves of ethical vices."

In Nyāya philosophy only some debates are worth having

Are people with dark personality traits more likely to succeed?

Through deceitful manipulation and callous use of others, these individuals are cutting off the very (social) branch they’re sitting on. Distinguished research professor Craig Neumann and humanistic psychologist Scott Barry Kaufman study the science behind this idea for Psyche magazine.

Turn away from the dark side: nice guys don’t finish last  

Research on embryos is fast-evolving, as science pushes forward and questions of morality continue to arise.

David Cox, an experienced science journalist and commenter, chimes in the controversial debate surrounding the cultivation of embryos in research labs. The '14-day' rule — a legal and ethical guideline that prohibited scientists from sustaining human embryos in the lab beyond 14 days — has been in place since 1979, but it's starting to feel outdated. In Psyche magazine, Cox explores why.

When does a human embryo have the moral status of a person?

The personal qualities associated with creativity can support a terrorist as much as an entrepreneur.

For Professor David Cropley, "whatever we think of 9/11, it is impossible to deny its novelty. It took the US by surprise." In this essay for Psyche magazine, he uses this example to contemplate the ideas of 'negative' and 'malevolent' creativity, which if studied properly, can potentially give us better tools to prevent crime itself.

Recognise the creativity behind crime, then you can thwart it

Digital sexual education from a young age could be a way to reduce abusive behaviours online.

If we teach teenagers about safe sex, shouldn’t we also teach them how to safely express their intimacy through phone messages? Senior researcher in the Department of Communication Studies at the University of Antwerp in Belgium, Joris Van Ouytsel, explores in Psyche magazine.

Gary Furlong

Teenagers are going to sext, let’s teach them to do it safely

The inflammation is natural to the conditions we’ve been living within recent years — but there are solutions.

In this piece for Psyche magazine, Stacey Colino and Lise Van Susteren provide some calming advice for living in a world that often leaves us emotionally exhausted.

"The good news is, with conscious effort, emotional inflammation can be managed and alleviated, from the inside out and the outside in. As a starting point, it’s essential to prioritise taking care of your body’s needs — by getting enough good-quality sleep, steadying your body’s circadian rhythms (by dimming artificial lights and setting curfews on digital devices), taking care of your gut microbiome (with foods containing probiotics and prebiotics), exercising regularly, and taking time to regularly decompress from stress (with meditation or even deep breathing exercises)."

To heal emotional inflammation, make distress your change agent

In these calls, there is zero room for pretence — this can apply to normal conversations too.

Reflecting on her own experiences, Natalia Dashan describes in Psyche magazine what working for a suicide helpline is really like. While she certainly expected these calls to have an impact on her, she didn't imagine it would make it so clear that, sometimes, focusing on the moment is all it matters.

Working on a suicide helpline changed how I talk to everyone

It can be liberating, self-smashing work, and a unique opportunity to cultivate the present.

What is childcare but the subjugation of physical desires and the dismantling of the past and future? The director of the Center for the Science of Moral Understanding, Kurt Gray, reflects on his own parenting experiences in this piece for Psyche magazine.

In the chaos of raising a toddler there lies a path to nirvana

Can intellectual query be purely emotion-free, bereft of personal interest and psychological history?

"To ask is to reveal our anxiety about the form and content of the answer." In this piece, Samir Chopra, professor of philosophy at Brooklyn College of the City University of New York, looks at how humans are philosophising animals precisely because they are anxious.

Anxiety animates philosophical enquiry and makes us human

How an ayahuasca-induced ego meltdown highlighted the artificiality of the everyday self.

Ayahuasca is a South American brew, popularly known for its psychoactive effects on the person who drinks it. In this piece, Jules Evans reflects for Psyche magazine on his own experiences while on an Ayahuasca retreat in the Amazon, and what it taught him about different levels of consciousness.

Simon Mattacks

A spiritual emergency can be wild. This is how to ride the wave

From innocence to incrimination — what are the moral duties of someone who witnesses a crime?

Dennis Klein, a professor of history and director of Jewish studies in the Department of History at Kean University in New Jersey, analyses this debate in Psyche magazine, studying the example of Nazi Germany, and how it turned public opinion against bystanders.

The rise of the bystander as a complicit historical actor

Amnesia survivors are most themselves in contexts that reinforce their embodied tendencies.

In Psyche magazine, Ben Platts-Mills explains that personhood is a phenomenon of the whole body and not just the brain. Drawing on his experience with amnesia survivors, he also explores what is left behind when conscious, narrative memory fades away.

Memory involves the whole body. It’s how the self defies amnesia

Elections are just one of many situations in life that lead us to consider compromising our core ideals.

Associate professor of philosophy at University College London, Robert Simpson, advises in Psyche magazine on when it’s best to be ideologically uncompromising and when it could be better to go against your beliefs.

When is it ethical to vote for ‘the lesser of two evils’?

Disagreements aren’t mistaken — they’re inevitable, and that is an excellent thing.

"When we talk about the qualities of items such as paintings, food, video games, films, songs and dance routines — the lines, colours, shapes, scenes, smells, bodily movements and so on that we think matter when judging or evaluating artefacts — we are dealing with what philosophers call ‘aesthetic properties’ or the sorts of features that realise ‘aesthetic value’." Elizabeth Cantalamessa explores these concepts in Psyche magazine.

Debating whether Bon Jovi is cheesy develops conceptual freedom

Analysing why basic human morality is not designed to think 'logically'.

If you were in a burning building and forced to choose between saving a child or a painting by Picasso worth millions of dollars, which would you choose? The answer is not as straightforward as you might think. Alan Jern analyses the effective altruism movement, and the dilemmas it poses.

Effective altruism is logical, but too unnatural to catch on

It's cost-effective and produces successful results, so why don't we use telephone therapy more? 

"For adults with depression, CBT delivered over the phone is as effective at reducing symptoms as CBT delivered face to face." In Psyche Magazine, a team of mental health experts reflect on why we should be embracing over-the-phone psychotherapy.

Telephone therapy is convenient and it works. Let’s use it more

The economist and philosopher argued that this often leads us to identify with those that oppress us.

"In his Theory of Moral Sentiments (published in 1759), Adam Smith developed a theory of psychology based on ‘sympathy’ and outlined a way of living based on ‘reason and philosophy’. These ideas not only banish the (already disappearing) stereotype of Smith as a pioneer of free-market policies, but challenge some of our most cherished ideas about the sources of happiness." Blake Smith ponders in Psyche Magazine.

Chris Brinkley

Adam Smith warned us about sympathising with the elites

"Mental health treatment needs to re-engage with the language of persons."

People who experience extreme distress are often told that a chemical imbalance in their brain may have caused the problem. Professor of sociology Joseph Davis examines the effect this sort of diagnosis has on patients and argues in Psyche magazine that it is time to stop looking at mental health issues purely through a neurochemical lens.

Let’s avoid talk of ‘chemical imbalance’: it’s people in distress

Physical walls cannot confine us.

"Imagination enables us to leave the here and now, to explore the past, as well as alternative presents and the future, before coming back. Imagination is a loop by which we temporarily disengage from ongoing life." Tania Zittoun, from Psyche magazine, reflects on the vitality of imagination for the development of humanity.

Nurture your imagination and you will be forever free

Exploring the importance of accessing our novice state.

Instead of simply projecting our past selves back to our students, we should take on board the fact that our training has deeply changed us, argue researchers Alexander Jeuk and Valentina Petrolini. In this piece for Psyche magazine, they expand on the important reasons why.

You can’t unlearn, and that’s a perplexing obstacle to good teaching

What does it mean to be free in 2020?

Jean-Paul Sartre once said that never was France as free as it was under German occupation. A complex opinion in itself, for the philosopher Julian Baggini it might actually be a powerful reflection on the definition of freedom, providing lessons on how to contextualise it in times as complicated as the ones of today. He explains in Psyche magazine.

In the pandemic, we relearn what Sartre meant by being free

Depression and anxiety have low heritability and can onset at any age.

"A genetic mutation that increased an individual’s tendency to experience bliss, and not to worry about enemies, wouldn’t have lasted for long in the gene pool," explain Kristen Syme and Edward H. Hagen in Psyche magazine, who believe this "unceasing process has many ramifications for mental health research."

Most anguish isn’t an illness but an evolved response to adversity

How our modern aspirations for freedom require a multitude of choices.

In the wake of the 1789 revolution, French society became a living exercise in political science where questions of freedom preoccupied national debates. Professor Larry S. McGrath turns to the country's history and studies the lessons it can teach to today's society.

Freedom needs friction: lessons in choice from French history

The importance of establishing a core of inner safety that can be returned to again and again.

Tibetan culture, through its resilience, kindness, intelligence and joy, has inspired millions of people in the West to take up meditation. But are the practices that many of us turn to the same in substance as the rituals that other communities have relied upon for centuries? Paul Condon and John Makransky explore in Psyche magazine.

Ken Foster

Modern mindfulness meditation has lost its beating communal heart

How our understanding of love derives from the metaphor of the patriarchal marriage of the past.

If equality and fairness in marriage require individuality and deliberation rather than the all-in unity of love, for Patricia Marino it’s worth asking why metaphors such as unity are still prominent. Here, she contemplates for Psyche magazine.

The problem with love is deciding who’s doing the dishes

The case against moral reasoning has begun to unravel.

To ask whether people reason about moral issues, we need to answer two kinds of questions. Firstly, what kinds of moral principles and beliefs do people hold at the outset? And secondly, do people form moral judgments based on those prior principles and beliefs — that is, do humans form moral judgments that align with their moral principles and beliefs? Psychology professor, Audun Dahl, analyses in Psyche magazine.

Young children use reason, not gut feelings, to decide moral issues

"We might not agree about who we are and what we want to be, but we can agree on what we don't know."

The German psychiatrist developed a unique existential philosophy, one that connected "abstract questions to the most concrete experiences of human life." Despite somewhat falling into oblivion, and being remembered today more for his opinions on others than his own work, Carmen Lea Dege argues in Psyche magazine that Jaspers' writings "generate a humble, but highly resistant and communicative approach to the world."

To Karl Jaspers, uncertainty is not to be overcome but understood

A significant minority discover surprises that will upend their understandings of their families and themselves.

"Perhaps they have half-siblings they didn't previously know about. Perhaps they were adopted or donor-conceived and never told. Perhaps a significant portion of their genetic ancestry was concealed because of historical pressures of assimilation, racism and discrimination." In Psyche magazine, Libby Copeland explores the complexities of taking a DNA test.

DNA testing is easy. It can also turn your family upside down

Common topics for leadership coaches are the bread and butter of many a therapy session.

Life coaches — and their close cousins, executive coaches — promise to improve people’s lives and careers, but they’re keen to emphasise that ‘coaching is not therapy’. As a psychiatrist, Elias Aboujaoude wondered how they managed to draw such confident boundaries. In this piece for Psyche magazine, the University of Standford researcher contemplates.

Life coaching is unregulated and growing rapidly. Should it be reined in?

The claim dehumanisation lies at the heart of intergroup harm is now being challenged.

"Psychological research showing evidence of dehumanisation also faces conceptual challenges. Current models suggest that when people subtly dehumanise outgroups, they deny them uniquely human qualities such as civility, refinement and rationality. This might well be true, but what of more antisocial human qualities? Humans can be civilised, refined and rational but they can also be petty, spiteful and arrogant." Harriet Over, senior lecturer in Psychology at York University, contemplates in Psyche magazine.

Recognising our common humanity might not be enough to prevent hatred

Improvisation is pervasive in our lives — it also helps us become fully human.

When music originates in the body, it supports a deeper investigation into the cognitive functions of it. Melissa Forbes, a senior lecturer in contemporary music at the University of Southern Queensland, takes a closer look into the "complex cognitive and psychological processes" behind jazz singers' ability to improvise.

Ashley Klanac

The jazz singer’s mind shows us how to improvise through life itself

"You never know what is enough unless you know what is more than enough."

The way in which the world idolizes efficiency has been proved faulty and dangerous by the coronavirus pandemic. Should our next steps be toward slowing down? Barry Schwartz reflects in Psyche magazine.

Why efficiency is dangerous and slowing down makes life better

What does it mean to live in the plague — every day, across generations and without an exit strategy?

Lyndsey Stonebridge, professor of humanities and human rights at the University of Birmingham, believes the essential ‘plague novel’ is not The Plague by Albert Camus but Ingeborg Bachmann’s Malina. In Psyche magazine, she explores why.

The plague novel you need to read is by Bachmann, not Camus

Understanding the long history of emphasising irrationality in mental health research.

To comprehend whether delusions are rational, we first need to understand why people form beliefs in the first place. Anna Greenburgh, a PhD student at University College London, contemplates this dilemma for Psyche magazine.

Beliefs have a social purpose. Does this explain delusions?

Researchers on human nature have adopted the claim of an evolved predisposition for aggression.

"Through theories about human nature, readers made sense of race riots and assassinations, the Vietnam War and the threat of nuclear annihilation." Nadine Weidman, a lecturer on the history of science at Harvard University, explores in Psyche magazine what makes claims about human nature become truisms.

Why are we gripped by the idea of a human killer-instinct?

The elaborate pantomime of pro wrestling sheds light on the psychology of truth-seeking.

"We all know that pro wrestling is not a sport in the sense that boxing is. Pro wrestling presents as a genuine struggle between wrestlers for victory, but it does so with a complicit nod to the audience: we realise that what we're seeing is people playing characters and working together put on a show. As Barthes puts it, this show is often a spectacle about suffering, defeat and justice — or, more brightly, it tells stories of virtue and vice, heroism and villainy." Philosopher Douglas Edwards contemplates in Psyche magazine.

What pro wrestling can teach us about the quest for truth

"To understand Gentileschi's art as biographical expression is also to risk violating her again."

Artemisia Gentileschi is considered "one of the most famous artists of the Baroque period." And yet, as Eliza Apperly points out in Psyche magazine, her talent is often shadowed by the experiences she suffered in life. Here, she offers a case as to why this form of objectification needs to be re-considered to appreciate the artist's work fully.

Gentileschi. Let us not allow sexual violence to define the artist

Feeling good about ourselves can translate into acts of kindness towards others.

In Psyche magazine, University of Cambridge research associate Claudia R. Schneider, examines the fascinating effect a positive understanding of our shortcomings in life can have in motivating us to take action, and strive for change.

You want people to do the right thing? Save them the guilt trip

Shakespeare made uncertainty a leitmotiv of all his works and harnessed its creative power.

"Shakespeare’s vision from uncertainty brings together the imagination of a poet, the judgment of a philosopher, and the creativity of a scientist. Being capable to stare into the abyss without being swiped away emotionally is a great attitude for whoever wishes to further our understanding of the world and the way we live in it." King's College London professor, Lorenzo Zucca, analyses in Psyche magazine.

Much ado about uncertainty: how Shakespeare navigates doubt

One in three people is an introvert. When will society notice?

"While I have introverted friends, they seem to be vastly outnumbered by my extraverted friends and acquaintances. I have to remind myself that this apparent absence from my daily landscape is not surprising: we introverts are much harder to notice. Introverts probably won't be the ones sharing a joke with the entire office, waiting by the coffee machine for a chance to chat, or appearing on television screens as rising reality-show stars." Neuropsychologist Noa Herz contemplates on her life struggles as an introvert in a society full of extroverts.

Introverts are excluded unfairly in an extraverts’ world

Why narratives about the self often deny the implications of social structures.

"For instance, social psychology reveals that individualism can vary with ethnicity. Asian-Americans might be less comfortable with blatantly individual behaviour than Americans of European origin. Yet reluctance to engage as fully in individual behaviour might reveal more knowledge of the community and society at large." Philosopher Craig Schamel contemplates in Psyche magazine.